Philosophical Implications Of Artificial Intelligence

Philosophical Implications Of Artificial Intelligence INTRODUCTION: For a long period of time philosophers are trying to resolve the questions related to artificial intelligence. Like, how minds are working? Can machines act intelligently like humans do?, if its so would they really have brain? What would be the ethical implications in that? The philosophers view about AI is that machines act intelligent and do to actually thinking are in strong AI categories. They never worried until program works properly, no questions like its working under simulation of intelligence or real intelligence. My stand on this is almost followed by the same instances. Do you think really robots act intelligent? Perhaps, it depends on how it is defined. In other words, it depends upon how one defining intelligence or consciousness with machines exactly involved. Yes, robots are intelligent with the system in-built or good simulations, but we deal with not practical, only theory. By comparing two architectures say human and machine, its not fair ask questions like robots really think?. But, consider the questions like, Machines fly? Machines can swim? For first question yes is the answer. Because aeroplane will fly. So technically machines can fly. For second question no is the answer. Though ships or submarines move in water, but we dont call it swimming. Neither of question does not have any impact on lives or its nature. It has to do with their capabilities and meaning how we take. Consider Mr.Alan Turing quotes,Instead of raising question machines think,we should ask it can past test on a behavioural intelligence. For example, the program ELIZA and the MGONZ internet chatbot fooled humans who didnt realize they are taking to a program and the ALICE program fooled one judge in 2001 competition named Loebner Prize. He also exercised on same facts which leads to the objection to the possibility of intelligent machines. According to the proposals given by Darthmouth ,all aspects which features of intelligence truly tells that machine can be made to stimulate it. I also agree to the following quote if a machine acts as intelligently as human, then it is as intelligent as a human. Consider the facts how artificial brain and heart is working, which can satisfy the law of nature, demands. So we can say machines are intelligent? We now analyze the facts in two dimensions. From Disability point of perspective, I should say,Robots can never do X. Mr.Alan Turing lists X as being kind, using proper words, doing something new, analyzing this from right from wrong, to the subject of tits own thought. Alan try to predict what would be possible in future years, though we have classical records of what computers or super computers already done. And its true that computers performs may well that what humans doing alone. It will play games like chess, cricket, spell check in documents and in medical theraphies like diagonising the diseases and it do hundreds of multiple task as well as human or better than humans. Computers requires performance at each fields in science say no chemistry, biology, computer science, astronomy, maths at level of a human expert. The educational testing service has used an automated program to grade millions of essays, the program agree with human graders 97% of the time, about the same level of two graders agree. [1]. And its also clear that computers do work better than humans, but it does not mean that computer excel everything. Of course, it use insight and understanding in task performances, not a part of behaviour. The objection from mathematics perspective for any formal axiomatic system F powerful enough to do arithmetic, to construct a Godel Sentence G(F) with the following properties, G(F) is a sentence of F,but cannot be proved within F. If F is consistent then G(F) is true [2]. Philosophers as mentioned this theorem shows that machines are mentally inferior to humans, because machines are formal systems that are limited by the incompleteness theorem, but human minds are operate by quantum gravity. No human brain could compute the sum of 100 billions of 100 digit number in their lifetime, but computer do it in seconds, before invention of mathematics itself human started to behave intelligent, so its not fair to say that mathematical reason plays more than important role in what it means to be smart or intelligent. Computers have binded to limitation on what they can prove but there is no evidence for human, that they are immune from those limitations. And its easy to claim that normal system cannot do X, then claims humans can do X using their informal method without evidence, like wise its too tough to say that humans are not subject to Godels incompleteness theorem, because any rigour proof contain a formalization of a claimed unformalizable humans talent. So I planned to left with an appeal to intuition that humans perform superhuman feats of maths insights. From informality point of view, the most persistent critics of artificial intelligence was ; argument from informality of behaviour; by Turing. Like humans, system cannot generate behaviour intelligent as human they can only follow set of rules. This inability to capture all in a set of logical rules is called the qualification problem in artificial intelligence. Its correct what Dreyfus pointed that, logical agents are vulnerable to the qualification problems. From his view, human includes knowledge of rules but as a background within which they exercise. Various problems have been addressed when Dreyfus and Dreyfus making proposal moving from being artificial intelligence critics to artificial intelligence theorists. i.e, Neural network architecture. It includes, Unless having proper background you wont get good serialization such that incorporating background knowledge with the neural network learning process. My concern about this is, the good reason for a serious redesign of current models of neural processing, then it can take the advantage of previously learning knowledge in the way that other algorithms proceed. Neural networks are supervised which requires guidance say it needs proper input and outputs. But unsupervised or reinforcement learning never looks for trainer (human). In many issues Dreyfus made impact on the commonsense knowledge, uncertainity importance of considering situated agents. But for me, these are all the evidences of intelligence progress,not its impossibilities. Let us consider this question can machines really think? According to myself, the machines which passes Turing test would still not be actually thinking. Its quite simulation of thinking. From his point of view,the machines has to be aware of its own mental states of action say consciousness, which is most important. Its almost false question, according to philosopher Mr.Karl Popper the term falsiable does not mean something is false, instead that if it is false, then this can be shown by experiment. [3] From my study of direct experience I personally feel that machines has a not actually feel emotion, whether the machine purpoted beliefs, desires of other representations are actually about something in the real world. Analysing Turings point,why should we want to insist on higher standard for machines that we do for humans? After all, in our life we dont have any direct evidence about the internal mental states of any other humans. Instead of arguing continually over the point ,it is usual to have the polite convention that everyone thinks. And questioning machines act on consciousness is difficult, but it got nothing to do with practice of artificial intelligence. I agree to the fact that, we are interested in created programs that behave intelligently, not in whether someone else pronounces them to be real or simulated. To understand this fact, we should consider the question of whether artifacts are considered real. Frederick Wohler synthesized artificial urea in 1848 and why its so important means, it proved that organic and inorganic chemistry could be united. Like the artificial Chateau Labour wine would not be the Chateau Labour wine, even if it was chemically indistinguishable, simply because it was not made in the right place in the right way. We conclude this topic by saying the philosophers John Searles lines, no one supposes that a computer simulation of a storm will leave us all wet. Why on earth would anyone in his right mind suppose a computer simulation of mental process?'[4] The behaviour of an artifact is important while in others it is the artifacts pedigree matters. For artificial minds, there is no convention just we are left to rely on intuitions. From the above quotes, its easy to agree that computer simulations of storms do not make us wet, instead its not clear how to make this analogy over to computer simulation of mental processes. Are mental processes more like storm or chess? like Chateau Labour or like Urea? This all depends on your theory of mental process and what it states. Under the theory of Functionalism any intermediate caused condition between input and output gives state of mind. In other words, two systems with isomorphic causual process would have the similar mental state. Therefore, computer program might have same mental state as a person. But in contrast, the theory of biological naturalism states that, the mental states are higher level emergent features which are caused by low-level neurological processes in the neurons and properties of the neurons that matters. To analyse these two view points, let we look at one of the oldest problem in the philosophy of mind. The mind-body problem: This problem questioning the mental states and processes related to the brain (bodily) state and processes. By analysing the problem of mind-architecture problem, it allow us to talk about the possibility of machines have minds. Mr.Rene Descartes, who considered how an immortal soul interacts with the body and concluded with the soul and body are two distinct type of things-a dualist theory. The monist theory called materialism, tells there is no such thing like immortal souls; only material objects. Consequently, mental states such as pain, knowing that one is riding in a horse or believing that Delhi is capital of India are brain states. Mr. John Searle pithily sums up the idea with the slogan, Brains cause minds. The materialist must face the two serious obstacles. The first problem is freewill: how can it be that a purely physical mind, where every transformation is governed strictly by the laws of physics, still retains any freedom of choice? Many philosophers agreed that this problem requires a careful reconstitution of our naÃÆ'Â ¯ve notion of free will, rather than presenting any threat to materialism. Then the next problem concerns the issues of consciousness but not identical, questions of understanding and self-awareness. So simply, why is it feel like anything to have certain brain states, whereas presumably does not feel like anything to have other physical states, for example being a rock. To start to answer such questions, we need ways to talk about brain states at levels more abstract than specific configurations of all atoms of the brain of a particular person at a particular time. For example, as I think about the capital of India,my brain undergoes myriad tiny changes from one picosecond o the next, but these never brings the qualitative changes in brain state. To account this, we need a notion of a brain state types, under which we can able to judge whether two brain states belongs to the same or different types. Though different opinions are existed, almost everyone believes that if one takes a brain and replaces some of the carbon atoms by a new set of carbon atoms (perhaps even atoms of a different isotope of carbon, as is sometimes done in brain-scanning experiments) the mental will not be affected. This is a good thing because real brains are continually replacing their atoms through metabolic process, and yet this in itself does not seem to cause major mental upheavals. Let us consider a particular kind of mental state: the propositional attitudes which are also known as intentional states. These are the states such as believing, desiring, fearing, knowing which refers to some aspect of the external world. Consider the examples, the belief that Delhi is the capital of India is a belief about a particular city and its status. We will be asking whether it is possible for computers to have intentional states, then it helps to understand how to characterize such states. Hence the identity or non-identity of mental states should be determined by staying completely inside the head, without the reference to the real world. To analyse this dilemma we turn to the thought experiment that attempts to separate intentional states from their external objects. From these several theories we conclude that mental states cannot be duplicated just in the basis of some program having same functional behaviour with similar inputs and outputs. The Ethics and Risks of developing artificial intelligence pose some problems beyond that of, to say, We might loose our jobs to automation. Humans might have too much leisure time. Peoples might lose their sense of being unique. We might feel like loosing some privacy rights. The use of artificial intelligence systems might result in a loss of accountability. The success of AI might mean the end of the human race. CONCLUSION: I conclude the machines are intelligent but often dependable on others intelligence. The intelligence explosion has also been called the technological singularity by maths professor Mr. Venor Vinge who writes that within 30 years ,we will have the technological means to creates super human intelligence. After human era will be ended. Considering the curve of technical progress Venor and Good said the progress growth is exponentially at present. However, it is quite a step to explorate that the curve will continue on to the singularity of near- infinite growth. The potential threats to society posed by Artificial Intelligence and relative technology some are unlikely and two basic thing which needs serious handling. The ultra intelligent machines might lead to a future that is very different from today and we may not like it. Next one is that the robotics technology may enable weapons of mass destruction to be deployed by psychopathic individuals. And I conclude that this is more of a threat from biotechnology and nano technology than from robotics.

Raymond’s Run Essay

Everyone has dreams, everyone had desires, but sometimes these can make it hard to think of someone besides one’s self. Sometimes these dreams and desires can fill the heart, making it nearly impossible to even consider the needs of others. For most people, it can be hard to put others first, but in the end, it is the right thing to do. At the beginning of â€Å"Raymond’s Run† by Toni Case Bambard, Squeaky’s main focus is running and winning, but by the end of the story, Squeaky comes to realize that life isn’t all about her self. At the beginning of the story, Squeaky is a confident girl and she knows that she has talent. She is a very fast runner; in fact, she is the neighborhood’s track star. She is confident that she is the fastest, this is seen when she states â€Å"there is no track meet that I don’t win† (Pg. 59 paragraph 3) and that she has been winning since she was a â€Å"little kid in kindergarten† (Pg. 59 par agraph 3) However, her main focus is running and winning, this makes her a bit confrontational and at times, absent minded to her special needs brother, Raymond. Squeaky knows she is a talented runner, but she is quick to confront other girls when they annoy her. She also makes it clear to other girls that she is the fastest runner in town and will easily beat them in the town race. Despite this Squeaky is loyal to her brother, and is always ready to protect him. When ever people talked trash to her brother, she stand up and say â€Å"You got anything to say to my brother, you say it to me.† (Pg. 62 paragraph 12) She’s a person, who doesn’t tolerate standing and listening to people talking trash, shed rather get things right and over quickly. Squeaky is scared of no one. Later when Squeaky decides to participate in the town race, she leaves Raymond in a swing. However, right as the race begins, Squeaky sees Raymond positioning him self by the fence for the race, Although he is not actually competing, Squeaky can see that Raymond knows what he is doing, despite the facet he has never ran a race before. As the race commences, it is oblivious to everyone but Squeaky, that Raymond is running an imaginary race and that he is indeed a fast runner. At the end of the race, Squeaky has won, but she no longer cares about the race. At the end of the story, Squeaky has had a change of heart. She sees that Raymond has talent, and her original values don’t matter anymore. She no longer cares if she won or lost, she is just happy she is just happy for her brother. She realizes that she doesn’t have to be a runner, but can anything she wants, a runner, a coach, a spelling bee champion, a pianist; she just had to work hard on it. She realizes that she can coach Raymond and give him something to accomplish, and perhaps, this is what she was meant to do in the first place. She doesn’t need to prove herself. She has learned that life’s not all about herself, but rather, about helping others. In â€Å"Raymond’s Run†, Bambard uses Squeaky to model the average human. All people are self-centered in nature, which is the inevitable. Like most people, Squeaky starts out and an overconfident young girl, focused only on her own wants and desires. She finds it hard to think of others. In truth it is much easier and simpler to think only of oneself. However, Squeaky comes to realize that her desirers have blinded her to her brother’s abilities. Her own talent clouded her from her brother, preventing her form seeing that she had the chance to give her brother something to be proud of. Bambard uses this realization to show her readers that even though putting others first is hard, it is the right thing to do. Squeaky may have started out as a confident and confrontational girl, with her main focus being racing, but after seeing her brother run, that changes. Squeaky comes to realize that racing isn’t everything and that her brother has untapped potential, potation that every one overlooks. She discovers that, even though it’s hard to put others’ desires first, it really is the right thing to do. She comes to dedicate herself coaching Raymond and by doing so, she can give her bother something to accomplish, and perhaps, this is what she was meant to do in the first place. Squeaky helps readers learn that life’s not all about oneself, but rather, about helping others.

The Downside Risk of Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples That No One Is Talking About

The Downside Risk of Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples That No One Is Talking About The Honest to Goodness Truth on Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples Introduction People appear to be either excited or worried about the upcoming effects of artificial intelligence. So maybe it's a superb concept to begin with part 2. Because you will likely hear the response to your next question. Make sure your answer fully covers all pieces of the endeavor. You won't have the ability to answer all the easier questions and you will lose points! You need the capability to paraphrase the issue to compose an introduction. So utilize maximum of 18 minutes per passage and go ahead. Make certain you spell words correctly and recheck once it's written. Don't panic if you happen across unknown words. Therefore, it's thought to be a very simple sentence. It's possible for you to comprehend the significance of a sentence or paragraph even in the event that you don't know each word! Word limit You ought to take care of word limit whilst writing. In the sentence, there's only one idea that's explained fully. To compose a body section, you've got to have the ability to clarify notions. You ought to likewise observe that the instructions allow you to know to use illustrations! New Questions About Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples You might also have to talk about a variety of aspects of an issue and then outline your ideas for solving it. Thinking of good ideas is among the most difficult areas of the test for a number of people. A lot of people know they need to increase their writing, but haven't any idea how to do that. Find somebody who will supply you with accurate and useful feedback on your work. It's possible to also replace the fundamental words that you've used with fancier versions of them. You will end up reading the texts too many times, and you just don't have time for it. Topic sentences are simple to recognize since they sound as though they're announcing what's coming next. The New Fuss About Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples Educational games on tablets and smartphones function as a delivery medium for learning content assists in cognitive improvement. Technology has opened up new avenues in how we communicate with a different individual situated anywhere on the planet. Utilise the assistance of our service and don't be concerned about how you complete the school. School curriculums should consist of mandatory sports along with theoretical lessons on the advantages of playing sports. Young children will get in the practice of co-operation and team building with the support of conventional games. Task 2 Some people think that teaching children at home is most effective for a child's development even though others think that it's essential for children to go to school. Ielts Essay Task 2 Band 9 Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone The next Practice Tests deliver extensive practice in the four modules at the degree of the true IELTS exam. Your answers shouldn't be too short or too long. Practice makes perfect in regards to IELTS Writing. Practice alone isn't going to aid you. It's clearly understandable that you must demonstrate that range of grammar whilst attempting the IELTS writing test and the speaking test also. The classical techniques of teaching always concentrated on the lecture format and examination. Much like an excellent doctor will be in a position to assist you fix a health issue, an excellent IELTS teacher will have the ability to assist you fix your individual problems. Studying hard is excellent, but don't neglect to study smart. In the event that you don't do so, you might lose marks that are vital for the two coherence and endeavor response. If you don't, you won't have the ability to move to the previous stage. You may also opt to attempt task 2 first. Task 2 is the same. Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates find it impossible to be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. The students who get the greatest marks plan before they write and they frequently plan for as many as ten minutes. It is quite easy to get overly enthusiastic in examinations. Foreign pupils shouldn't be requested to pay a greater sum than local individuals.

The Monsters Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1623 Words

Today’s society defines a monster as a person or animal with unnatural qualities. These characteristics can be physical, mental, and can pertain to the way someone acts among other human beings. Any action or look that is beyond what humankind perceives as normal adopts the title of monster. Often in literature the monsters that are created are meant to portray the thoughts that society has as to what qualifies someone to be a monster. Many humans can have monstrous qualities, but the significance is in whether or not those qualities determine the trajectory of the person’s life and makes them unrecognizable that they can be described as a monster. Gilgamesh and Grendal seek to fulfill their monstrous desires motivated by ego and jealousy, but it is when one loses touch with their humanity that they become a monster. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the two-thirds god, one-third man, king of Uruk. Since he is part god he is very strong and beautiful compared to th e average man. In the beginning of the tale, the people of Uruk pray to the gods to send someone to deliver them because Gilgamesh slept with wives and forced his subjects to do hard labor, notable for building the walls surrounding the city of Uruk. The gods decide that they need someone that can match the strength and beauty of Gilgamesh to create a balance. They created Enkidu who became Gilgamesh’s best friend. Enkidu then warns Gilgamesh of a threat in the sacred forest, the guardian Humbaba. Humbaba wasShow MoreRelatedEpic Journeys towards Improvement in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Oedipus Rex670 Words   |  3 Pagesreadings, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Oedipus Rex, both protagonists embark in an epic journey to either better themselves, or their kingdoms. Gilgamesh slays a monster with the help of Enkidu for fame, but then leaves his kingdom of Uruk to go on a quest for immortality. Oedipus outsmarts a monster and saves the city of Thebes once, but then has to save it o nce more by leaving Thebes. 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