Entrepreneurship And Innovation Management Globalization and Competi

Question: Depict about the Entrepreneurship And Innovation Management for Globalization and Competition. Answer: Presentation Globalization and expanding number of new companies over the world have prompted expanded rivalry in each part of business(Zott, 2011). Because of unwinding of universal laws in business cross outskirt deals and exchange have expanded and organizations are presently conveying assortment of procedures to extend their business. Anyway firing up or advancement of effective enterprising undertakings requires enormous duty of assets and beating colossal difficulties. Examination mirrors that among new companies achievement rates are low to the tune of simply 33% flopping inside their initial a half year of business, rest inside the following three years neglect to endure. There is a solid recognition in regards to karma winning among innovative outlook in maintaining their organizations. Effective procedure of pioneering business starts with the way toward making an inventive plan of action. The extent of this report has embraced the case organization of Campbell Soup Company(Ross, 2006). Campbell is an American canned soup organization. It was set up in 1869 with central station in Camden, New Jersey, USA. The organization produces soups and different items that are appropriated across 120 nations around the world. Its items comprise of soups, V8, porridge pot, heated tidbits, etc. The companys has a representative base of more than 23,000 individuals. The pioneering phases of the organization is comprehended and its plan of action advancement. The paper further examinations qualities and shortcomings of the endeavors plan of action and the manner in which they have created later on. The organization was a fruitful food maker with forceful obtaining and evaluating procedure. The organization had endured enormous misfortunes in the year 1996 to 2000 which caused the organization to go into a condition of disturbance. The at that point, CEO of the organization Douglas Conant helped the organization recoup and turning out to be beneficial again(Dollinger, 2008). Despi te the fact that this isn't an instance of a perfect startup however the restoration procedure can be found in the light of pioneering life cycle. Investigation Business visionaries by and large enhance new thoughts or methods of getting things done and the execute them distinctively to shape organizations. The most significant part of innovative endeavors lies in the execution part of their framed procedure. Execution incorporates three fundamental procedures including individuals, methodology and tasks. Thus, a business person needs to guarantee that he has a fruitful group who can effectively execute technique shaped by the entrepreneur(Hoy, 2006). In Campbell Soups in the wake of falling flat of the organizations once, the new CEO concocted consistent methodologies focusing at organization improvement, he expected to enjoy worker commitment programs. While fusing in new and variable results of the organization it required enormous duty from workers which was just conceivable through representative commitment programs. In this manner, the CEO understood the need of having a powerful group for the companys achievement. Enterprise life cycle involves five unmistakable phases of envisioning business openings, ideation and testing, plan of action age, asset securing and the board and execution. In the primary phase of the existence cycle a thought is created by motivation utilizing different devices and procedures as brain mapping, visual reasoning, and client venture thus on(Kiron, 2013). For Campbell Soups this thought was concentrated around ad libbing item quality. This ready a significant test for the organization, which was amazingly hard to accomplish as they had proceeded with four years of more awful execution. Having a place with the basic food item area that develops at 2% every year, the necessary objective appeared to be unthinkable. When a thought is created its goes for ideation and testing, in this stage answer for the issue is distinguished and shaped. Comes back from the food business depended on esteem that financial specialists get from their ventures. In this manner, achievement or disappointment of any business was completely subject to its investors benefits, so as to elevate the equivalent the organization began executing worker commitment programs. Ideation and testing for the organization started by defining nonstop improvement objectives for the company(Ricart, 2011). Figure 1 : Approach of Entrepreneurship Innovation Source : (Alexander, 2010) The third and most fundamental advance of the innovative cycle is Business Model Generation which is an execution stage for the business. It requires making of the Business Model Canvas that requires Value Chain Analysis to be applied. Plan of action producing is the basic stage for an enterprising cycle and a business visionary ought to in a perfect world create, structure and tests potential models for the business. Having different models for the business permits business visionaries with selection of choices to test each preceding their application. While age of creative thoughts for the business, a business visionary should perceive troublesome advancements, innovations(Alexander, 2010). For Campbell Soups plan of action development fixated on making exceptional investor esteem. The organization meant to create plan of action by being a pioneer in the commercial center, alongside winning in its own working environment. In this way, they connected accomplishment at their working environment to make winning climate in the outside condition of the organization. Figure 2 : Business Model Canvas Source : (Vargas, 2015) A Business Model Canvas (BMC) is a vital administration instrument that business visionaries use for recording their organizations. It incorporates companys items incentive, client, accounts, foundation by adjusting them to their potential exchange offs. The above figure is a perfect portrayal of BMC that utilizations key vital assets of the firm to offer some benefit to its clients. Campbell Soups plan of action was planned by conforming to the BMC for the company(Chesbrough, 2007). Key Activities: Its key exercises in business, which incorporates actualizing companys incentive concerning Campbell Soups its offer was brought together on formation of soups of differing types that could fulfill the taste buds of clients and along these lines increment companys piece of the pie. Secret weapons: These can be seen as assets that makes an incentive for clients and these are resources for the company(Sharma, 2011). Campbell Soups CEO understood that representatives are the most esteemed asset for the organization and can start and help carry a change into the current business forms. Accordingly the secret weapons, being HR once they were analyzed, there were commitment programs for helping them execute the methodologies for being a phenomenal organization. Contenders of the organization had high commitment proportions for its workers to determine serious qualities for their organizations as well(Drucker, 2014). Accomplice Network: This suggestion in the canvas assists organizations with lessening dangers of its plan of action by upgrading purchaser provider relationship. Campbell Soups was centered around getting an incentive from its whole worth chain with a generally drawn in arrange. The CEO of the organization accepts that for the whole organization and its procedures to be creative and exceptional worth should be gotten from the whole worth chain and not simply from just items. Offers: These are assortment of items to satisfy clients needs and desires. This enables an organization to build up its center competency and separate itself from its rivals by extensive serious advantage(Trimi, 2012). Campbell Soups first sort of development was microwaveable soups which was begun in 2002 called Soup at Hand. This item pulled in high number of clients and drove the organization to turning out to be $250 million microwaveable soup business. Second inventive result of the organization was soups with low sodium content, this pulled in a ton of senior purchasers. They made 43 sorts of low sodium assortment soups with the assistance of regular ocean salt and other technology(Nguyen, 2010). This item made a buzz and wound up being another $400million item band. At that point he organization presented V8 vegetable juice and V8 Fusion which was vegetable juice with natural product juice. This item was all around acknowledged by clients as it had high medical advantages rel ated with it and a sweet flavor that engaged their taste buds. Client Segment: Customers are the wellspring of income for a business, subsequently a business needs to distinguish its objective market segment(Kirzner, 2015). For Campbell Soups items was offered for a wide range of clients sexes, salary gatherings, age gatherings and geographic sections. Its soups have great taste and are a solid nibbling elective that effectively fulfill taste buds of people. Its further item expansion causes in taking care of a more extensive market fragment. Channels: An organization needs to build up relationship with its clients through an appropriate channel. Campbell Soups has a set up channel for circulation of its different kinds of soups and squeezes. It advertises its items by utilization of retail wholesalers, grocery stores, stores and other outlets(Johnson, 2008). Client Relationships: For making food for their organizations, organizations need to recognize connections it needs to make with its clients sections. Campbell Soups takes part in networks to help get input from its clients. Further it has a site and email address where clients can give input and any complaints to the organization. Accounts: It includes the ramifications for working under the predetermined plan of action. For Campbell Soups the essential spotlight was to improve year on year and to convey comes back to speculators. By actualizing its field-tested strategies and model it has had the option to accomplish 16% every year surpassing all rivals in the market(Frederick, 2007). The most significant standards for the organization was to get sufficient profits for the capital put resources into the firm and through appropriate arranging it has been a

Memory and History in the Works of Michael Ondaatje :: Biography Biographies Essays

Memory and History in the Works of Michael Ondaatje In the Canadian social setting, the issue of character can be a full one, and the subject of being Canadian is famously clingy, especially given the wide assortment of social and social foundations asserted by Canadians and the heterogeneity of their own encounters. This paper manages the manners by which the Canadian essayist Michael Ondaatje works with issues of comprehension and getting to recollections and chronicles outside of one’s individual lived understanding. Ondaatje’s The English Patient opens with an epigraph winnowed from the minutes of a Geographical Society meeting in London in the mid nineteen-forties. It peruses: â€Å"Most of you, I am certain, recollect the grievous conditions of the demise of Geoffrey Clifton at Gilf Kebir, followed later by the vanishing of his significant other, Katherine Clifton, which occurred during the 1939 desert undertaking looking for Zerzura. â€Å"I can't start this gathering today around evening time without alluding thoughtfully to those grievous events. ‘The address this evening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The section presents various key topics in the content, and merits managing at some length. The main issue I need to look at is the initial line. Memory is ostensibly the most significant issue having an effect on everything in this novel, and its situating here causes to notice its common criticalness all through the content. The setting of its utilization is quite compelling. A later section noticed the demeanor of uninvolved objectivity, of logical separation, that infests the lectures’ setting, and the disquiet of the speakers as they battle to straighten out to the urban and urbane condition. ‘Someone will present the talk’, it notes, ‘and somebody will offer gratitude †¦ [t]he long periods of arrangement and research and gathering pledges are never referenced in these oak rooms †¦ misfortunes in extraordinary warmth or windstorm are reported with negligible commendation. All human and budgetary conduct lies on the most distant side of the iss ue being talked about †which is the earth’s surface and its â€Å"interesting topographical problems†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (134). The pressure between the generic separation of the lecture’s environment and the wording in the epigraph is one that works through quite a bit of Ondaatje’s work. That strain is in the content that holds together two contradicting powers †individual, lived memory, and social memory. Susan Sontag, in her ongoing book Regarding the Pain of Others, makes the to some degree disagreeable case that ‘there is nothing of the sort as aggregate memory †¦ all memory is individual, unreproducible †it passes on with every individual.

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 1779â€"1813, American explorer, an army officer, b. Lamberton (now part of Trenton), N.J. He joined the army (c.1793) and was commissioned second lieutenant in 1799. In 1805 he led an exploring party to search for the source of the Mississippi River; although he mistakenly identified Red Cedar Lake (now Cass Lake) in Minnesota as the source, he was not far wrong. After his return he was sent on an expedition (1806â€"7) to explore the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red rivers and to reconnoiter Spanish settlements in New Mexico. Pike and his men went up the Arkansas River to the site of Pueblo, Colo., and explored much of the country, sighting the peak that is named after him, Pikes Peak . When he and a small party went to the Rio Grande, they were taken into custody by the Spanish who brought them to Santa Fe and then to Chihuahua and finally released them at the border of the Louisiana Territory. Upon his return, Pike was accused of complicity in the plot of Aaron Burr and James Wilkinson to detach Western territory from the United States, but he was exonerated by the Secretary of War. Pike was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the War of 1812. He was killed while commanding his troops during the successful assault on York (now Toronto). See his journals (2 vol., 1987) and biography by W. E. Hollon (1949, repr. 1981). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Cultural Diversity in America Essay - 1005 Words

America is greatly influenced and enhanced by the many versatile cultures which inhabit it. Cultural diversity has added to our economy in such a way that it brings innovated ideas and contact structures throughout the world. International cuisines have come to America through subcultures, have expanded the food industry, and have allowed English Americans to try new foods and flavors. Immigrants have brought with them religious values that greatly differ and vary from those at which were natural in the main stream American culture. The educational development through foreign nationals has led America, as a nation, to excel and be deemed one of the most intelligent nations in the world! Consequently, the subcultures have kept our†¦show more content†¦Foreign nationals bring with them the tastes and delights from their own country. Presently, Americans have such a wide selection of foods to choose from including but not limited to Mexican, Chinese, Italian, Greek, Thai, and Japanese. In the agricultural industry, researchers have taken domestic plants and bred them with international plants to create a more desirable embryonic plant which grows to have only the best characteristics of the two plants. This idealistic technology wouldnt have been deemed possible if it wasnt subject to the vast array of cultural diversity to challenge the standard characteristics of domestic vegetations. Along with any nation in the world, comes a variety of religions. The English founded this nation on Christianity; however, numerous people today denounce this monotheistic belief and instead have put their faith in beliefs brought to this country by foreigners. This assorted variety allows believers to choose a religion which better suits their beliefs and practices, and gives individuals a choice on spiritual fulfillment in their lives. These religious beliefs combined with the democratic state of the nation have led to public displays of religious celebration in Am erica. Ramadan, Yom Kippur, Kwanzaa, Christmas, Cinco de Mayo, and Hanukkah have been a few of the celebrations brought to America via immigrants. Some of the most celebrated and famous revels include St. Patricks Day and Mardi Gras (see Figure 1 andShow MoreRelatedExamination of Cultural Diversity in America Essay2061 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Diversity in America: Examination of African Americans and Asian Americans Many ethnic groups reside and persist in America. Minority groups are misunderstood and undervalued in today’s society. There are many cultures, history, social relations, religious traditions, and linguistic aspects enduring in our country because of our abundant diversity. Two minority groups that are misconstrued are African Americans and Asian Americans. These two groups of people have many differences, butRead MoreCultural Diversity And Hospital Corporation Of America2091 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Diversity and Hospital Corporation of America Due to the changing demographics of our society, hospitals and health systems need to be more diverse. Employees need to be hired that match the ethnic make-up of those they serve. Training for employees to be able understand others beliefs and values will support the patient-provider relationship. Finally, by promoting diversity within the health system, potential patients will be drawn into the system for care when historically they shied awayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article What Every American Should Know 1450 Words   |  6 Pages To understand Eric Liu’s opinion on having a common culture in the U.S and purpose it is important to know about his cultural background and career. Liu’s parents were born in China but Liu was born in Poughkeepsie, New York. He studied history in Yale University then got his degree and graduated from Harvard Law School. Liu has accomplished many things over the past couple years. He is the CEO for citizen university, which has a main focus in teaching the arts of being a powerful citizen who isRead MoreCultural Diversity Has Impacted The Country1460 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences upon further action† (tamu ). The United States of America was built on one particular culture, but there are a multitude of cultures in America today. One questions how such cultural diversity has impacted the country. The primary influences of the early years of the United States were from Europe and its English settlers under British rule which cultivated the English language, British culture, legal system, and other cultural inheritances. The most influential was the Jeffersonian democracyRead MoreThe Economic Importance of Cultural Diversity1135 Words   |  5 PagesCultural diversity is a subject that is being used a lot in organizations nowadays. People are starting to notice the difference in personality within each other, and how that is affecting their workplace. Age is not really a factor that matters in this topic of conversation, culture affects everyone in many ways of their day to day life. This can be seen very easily for a student. On campus the racial segregation/climate is very wide, you can find people from all over the world. This is sometimesRead MoreThe Transcendent Demand For Equal Cultural Representation781 Words   |  4 Pagestranscendent demand for equal cultural repr esentation in America can no longer remain unrecognized. Citizens are infuriated with public school systems, demanding more diversity in the curriculum. Unfortunately, any attempt to expand public knowledge of multiculturalism in the past has always ended with a cry from white privileged cis males falsely claiming multiculturally focused curriculum disparages American literacy. In 1987, with the (somewhat) arrival of cultural representation in education,Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Effects Of Diversity On Business And Communications Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Effects of diversity on business and communications Bilimoria, D. (2007). Handbook on women in business and management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. This complete Handbook specifically presents commissioned unique essays on the communal roles and contexts women face in management and business, women’s role as leaders in management and business, procedures of the organization influencing women, work-life issues and particular career women’s issues in the fields. These essaysRead MoreEth/125 Final Assignment Write a 1,050- to 1,750-Word Paper That Answers the Following Questions: †¢ What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That1619 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics/125 Final Assignment† The information that I have learned about diversity in the United States of America has helped me better understand and relate to others in many ways. The United States of America is a giant melting pot of several different races, ethnicities, and cultures. What I have learned is that each group has their differences and similarities. With these differences in culture they have taught me how to be tolerant and accepting of them no matter how different from me theyRead MoreEssay about Improving Education through Cultural Diversity1087 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, cultural diversity is important as it was many centuries ago. According to dictionary, cultural diversity is the coexistence of different culture, ethnic, race, gender in one specific unit. In order, for America to be successful, our world must be a multicultural world. This existence starts within our learning facilities where our students and children are educated. This thesis is â€Å"changing the way America, sees education through cultural diversity, has been co existing inRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On Cultural Diversity1394 Words   |  6 Pagestraditional cultures are disappearing since diverse cultures play a critical role in the society. Many people have been experiencing the negative effects of the globalization process. This paper will be focused on the impact of globalization on cultural diversity. First, it is about the concept of multiculturalism which is an adequate concept of culture today. Second, it will be explained about the difference of cultures which are supposed to considered equal by defining the term minority and providing

Great Expectations By Charles Dickens - 1834 Words

A boy works on the field, tirelessly for five hours as the sun showers its heat and bright light upon his face, causing streams of sweat to roll down his face, making him seem as tired as he could ever be. Suddenly, a bright and colorful carriage approaches the corn field, and inside it, a woman whose power and wealth surprasses that of the farmer. As he walks towards the carriage with pride, the lady, who you would expect to be sincere, instead kicks him the chest, and insults the man’s status and poor lifestyle. Many would expect that creating equality among all is as easy as making a pie, but even if it can be achieved, one obstacle stands in the way of that future: social injustice. Through Dickens’ work of literature, Great Expectations, it delivers us the message of how one person can change another’s view on themselves and the ones they love. As Great Expectations opens, Pip is hardly aware of his social and educational condition, but as he becomes exposed to Estella, his consciousness becomes more astute and he desires self-improvement. Since social injustice is invisible to many individuals, Charles Dickens makes the invisible visible to his readers, by incorporating the literary device of characterization. Estella, daughter of Miss Havisham, is not as compassionate and sincere one would expect from a noblewoman, and instead, she is the opposite. Fueled by cruelty and hatred, Estella’s characterizations exemplifies the shallow upper class, and how her opinions onShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Performance Appraisal a Critical Review Free Essays

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: A CRITICAL REVIEW Abstract: Performance appraisal is used in many organizations in order to assess the performance of their employees. But there are some issues and problems that are associated with performance appraisal can have negative impacts on the performance of employees and can make it useless. These issues and problems are: absence of objective criteria, gender issues, rater’s bias, social and ethnic issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Appraisal: a Critical Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now And there are empirical research evidences that are very much consistent with the problems and issues I identified before. But performance appraisal should not be abandoned due to the problems mentioned above. Its can prove very effective if used by trained appraisers in a constructive manner using objective criteria against which the performance of the appraisee to be checked. It not only reviews the performance of an employee but also helps to identify training and development needs of the appraise. Introduction: In organizations, there are some formal and informal methods of performance assessment, and performance appraisal is one of the most widely used formal methods of the assessment of performance. Performance appraisal is also a valuable tool of performance management in organizations as CIPD describes that:†Performance appraisal is an important part of performance management. In itself it is not performance management, but it is one of the range of tools that can be used to manage performance† (CIPD, 2008). CIPD (2008) describes that performance appraisal essentially provides an opportunity to the appraisees and appraiser to review and discuss, in a constructive manner, the performance of the appraisee and possible reasons and determinants of his or her bad performance in a one on one meeting. It also provides an opportunity to them to identify and set objectives regarding training and development for the future and to reach an agreement about the possible actions required getting those objectives and the support the individual or appraisee expects from the manager. If performance appraisal is conducted in a sensitive and constructive manner, then it can establish a positive relationship between the individuals and the line managers. Aims and objectives of performance appraisal: There are some clear aims and objectives for conducting performance appraisal in organizations, and these objectives are listed and described below: 1. One purpose of conducting a performance appraisal is to exercise organizational control 2. The main purpose of a performance appraisal system is to review the performance of individuals over a period of time 3. Performance appraisal is also aimed at finding out that the appraisee is productive or not. 4. One purpose of performance appraisal is to review the actual performance of an employee against the set objectives or desired standards. 5. Another important objective of conducting a performance appraisal is to find training and development needs of the appraisee. 6. One purpose is to identify the type of support the appraisee expects from the management in order to meet those training and development needs. Key elements of performance appraisal: CIPD (2008) has described following five key elements of performance appraisal: 1. Measurement – individual’s performance is assessed against agreed standards and objectives. 2. Feedback – the individual or appraisee is provided information on his performance and progress after the performance has been assessed. . Positive reinforcement – the appraiser recognises the good performance and make constructive criticism about the aspects of performance where there is a need of improvement. 4. Exchange of views – there is a dialogue between the appraiser and the appraisee about the outcomes of the assessment, and how appraisees can improve their per formance, the support they need from their managers to achieve this and their aspirations for their future career. 5. Agreement – an agreement is reached by all parties about what needs to be done to improve performance and issues are overcome. Problems with performance appraisal: Having described the definition, objectives, and the key elements of performance appraisal, we move on to problems or dilemmas with performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is considered a way or tool of motivation and enhancing morale and it is also assumed that appraisal will lead to an improvement in performance or performance will decrease without appraisal. (Grint, 1995). But it can also lead to negative effects on performance and motivation and leaves the apprsisee with negative feelings such as inferiority, bitterness, depression and some other negative feelings (Ridly, 1995). On the part of the appraiser, there are some dilemmas and difficulties that the appraiser faces in the course of performance appraisal process. One of these is the subjectivity of the appraiser that cannot be completely avoided in spite of efforts. Another important dilemma faced by the appraiser is to play both the roles of a judge and a facilitator at the same time as Fiona Wilson (2002) and many other including McGregor (1957), and Fletcher and Williams (1985) have described this problem. One of the aims of performance appraisal is to identify training and development needs of the employees. In order to do so, the appraiser is assumed to judge the gaps between the desired performance and the actual performance by assessing the performance of the employee against a set of objective standards, this not always possible to have objective criteria available, as Fiona Wilson (2002) describes that: â€Å"If staff development is the aim then the temptation is to search for inadequacies in the appraisee’s performance. In order to act as judge the appraiser needs criteria with which to judge, yet the subjective evaluation and trait oriented criteria for evaluating performance have been recognised as a central problem. Objective criteria against which to assess staff are difficult to achieve and are going to be judgmental to some degree. Counseling does not usually involve making any judgments but allows the person to reflect on performance and make their own judgments†. There is an increase in the use of 360-degree feedback in organizations as Bruce and Ira Kay have noted that:† The use of 360-degree feedback has grown dramatically in recent years. According to HR consulting firm William M. Mercer, 40 percent of companies used 360-degree feedback in 1995; b 2000, this figure jumped to 65 percent† (Bruce Ira, 2002). But there are also some serious issues associated with 360 degree feedback and it is assumed that it can have some negative effects on performance and can hurt the appraise as Bruce and Ira Kay (2002) have quoted Watson Wyatt’s human capital index study which found that the use of 360-degree feedback is associated with a decrease in shareholder value. Bruce and Ira also quoted the other findings of Watson Wyatt’s HCI study and described that:†Watson Wyatt’s 2001 HCI report revealed that companies using 360-degree feedback have lower market value. According to the study, companies that use peer review have a market value that is 4. 9 percent lower than similarly situated companies that don’t use peer review. Likewise, companies that allow employees to evaluate their managers are valued 5. 7 percent lower than similar firms that don’t† (Bruce Ira, 2002). Ghorpade (Ghorpade quoted in Bruce Ira, 2002), a professor of management at San Diego State University, reported that only one-third studies out of 600 feedback studies found improvement in performance and one-third found a decrease in performance and rest of them found no effects. Bruce and Ira (2002) have also identified some other issues and problems with 360-feedback such as: lack of training, and the costs of 360-degree feedback. Arvey and Murphy(1998) have described the issues around the costs of measures of performance as well: â€Å"A discussion of the relative costs of alternative performance measures was provided by Stone et al (1996). As an alternative to a more expensive â€Å"hands-on† performance measure, a low-cost, readily available measure of performance was developed for Air Force specialty jobs using an existing data base that rank-ordered individuals. More research is needed to explore the relative advantages of low-fidelity and low-cost performance measures. Conceivably the relative value of such instruments might be better than more highly specific, high-fidelity instruments if relatively molar decisions are being made about individuals (e. g. promote versus not-promote, high versus low performance)† Subjective and objective Evaluation: The main problem and issue associated with performance appraisal may be the subjective evaluation and absence of objective criteria against which the performance of the individual is to be assessed. Subjective evaluation may result in devastating effects on the performance of the individual or the appraisee. As Longenecker et al. (1987) have noted that the appraisers sometimes intentionally distort and manipulate appraisal for political purposes. Subjective measures of performance sometime lead to biasness on the part of the rater and result in negative effects on performance. But Arvey and Murphy (1998) have reviewed a research conducted by Bommer et al in 1995, and described that Bommer et al assessed the relationships between relatively objective and subjective measures of employee performance. He used meta-analytic techniques to summarize the relationships for over 50 independent samples, and found that the two measures were significantly related. Bias on the part of line manager or the appraiser or rater can result in negative effects on performance. Arvey Murphy (1998) write that many studies have focused on the potential biases of supervisors that occour as a result of their likings and disliking about their subordinates. But recent studies show that affective influences on ratings may not represent rating biases. Vera et al (quoted in Arvey Murphy, 1998) presented evidence that supports this argument. Arvey and Murphy (1998) quoted a study in their paper conducted by Schrader and Steiner in 1996, and described that: â€Å"They hypothesized that ratings in which employees are evaluated against clear and specific objective standards will differ from those in which such objective criteria are not specified and the standards are ambiguous. Results supported this proposition. However, ratings made when using internal, relative, or multiple standards of comparison were not terribly different from those made under the more objective conditions both in terms of mean differences and supervisor-self agreement. Thus, a conclusion that employee standards that involve objective and specific standards against which to evaluate individuals are the one â€Å"best† method seems premature given the results of this study† Ethnic, Social and Gender Issues: There are some gender, and social issues in terms of bias and subjectivity related to performance appraisals. Societal stereotypes may cause the appraisers to be biased against women and minorities. In 1996, Woehr Roch (quoted in Arvey Murphy, 1998) studied the effects of prior evaluations that were different in terms of performance and ratee gender on subsequent evaluations and on recall of a male or female of average performance. Results suggested that both the performance level and the gender of the target ratee’s prior evaluation affected the subsequent rating. Relatively low performance for the prior target influenced subsequent evaluations differentially for male and female target ratees and males were given higher evaluations than females. Another study conducted by Ford et al (quoted in Arvey and Murphy, 1998) conducted a meta-analysis across 53 studies, and found that that blacks receive slightly lower performance scores than whites on both subjective and objective measures of performance. Arvey and Murphy reviewed a study conducted by Kraiger and Ford in 1985, and wrote that: â€Å"Kraiger Ford (1985) conducted a meta-analysis of 74 studies across field and laboratory settings and concluded that an interaction effect existed: White raters rate white ratees higher than black ratees, whereas black raters evaluated black ratees higher than white ratees. Moderator effects were found also for group composition and research setting: Effect sizes increased as the proportion of blacks in the group decreased, and field studies generated larger effect sizes than laboratory studies. †(1998). These are the problems and issues that make a person think if the performance appraisal should be abandoned or not. In my opinion, performance appraisal should not be abandoned because of the problems and issues associated with it, if it is used carefully in an objective and constructive manner, it can prove a useful tool in motivating, developing and enhancing the performance of an employee. Bruce and Ira have also tried to answer this question: â€Å"Despite these drawbacks, there are good reasons not to give up on 360-degree feedback. The process still holds the potential to deepen employees’ understanding of their own performance. And, it may be able to help companies create value by better aligning job performance with business strategy. The question is this: Can 360-degree feedback be implemented in such a way that it achieves these benefits without negatively affecting the bottom line? Based on our analysis–and conversations with clients– we believe the following steps may help companies transform 360-degree feedback into a value creator, not destroyer. Implement 360-degree feedback for the right reasons. â€Å"The first thing you need to ask is why you’re doing it,† says Paul Rumely, a New York-based executive coach, If you can’t articulate a strong business case for a 360-degree feedback program, it should not be introduced† (Bruce Ira, 2002). Training can be very useful in enhancing the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems and can equip the raters with essential knowledge and skills to cope with the problems and issues associated with performance appraisals in work settings. Bruce and Ira suggest that: â€Å"Train people in giving and receiving feedback. Companies that implement 360-degree feedback without first checking and developing managers’ feedback skills risk serious damage to teamwork and morale. Providing constructive feedback takes instruction, training and practice. †(Bruce Ira, 2002). They also write that: â€Å"While training individuals to give and receive feedback may temporarily increase the expense associated with 360-degree feedback programs, the gains will outweigh the higher costs as the feedback delivered to participants becomes more focused, targeting the behaviors most closely associated with value creation and destruction. Ultimately, the goal should be to create a culture in which individuals feel comfortable giving and receiving feedback–both positive and negative–on a real–time basis, rather than waiting for an annual review† (Bruce Ira, 2002). Assessment of performance of employees is essential to the process of performance management in organizations, and a performance appraisal not only assess or review the performance of an employee but also identify training and development needs of the employee, and is an important need of organizations. As Fiona Wilson has also stressed: â€Å"Given these difficulties identified in the literature, it may be tempting to abandon any hope of finding fair assessment of performance. Yet, there is still a need for control, accountability, assessment and staff development in organizations. Bias is difficult to overcome but can an individual give feedback on performance without that feedback being construed as negative and can staff be developed? One way to achieve this is to design an appraisal scheme where the emphasis is on development, to use a ‘safe’ approach, which recognises achievements and supports professional development and avoids the issue of accuracy and rating of performance† (Fiona Wilson, 2002). How to cite Performance Appraisal: a Critical Review, Papers

War And Peace Essay Thesis Example For Students

War And Peace Essay Thesis War and PeaceThe famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy wrote War and Peace in 1865. It is a story about the lives of the Russian royal family from 1805 to 1815. This book depicts things and events that happened during the war. The novel describes the war with Napoleon in which many countries were involved such as Russia, Austrian, Prussia, Spain, Sweden, and Britain. However, the novel mainly focuses on Russia. It reflects the different views and participation in the war of Russian aristocracy. Showing the war, Tolstoy describes Napoleons attack on Russia, the battle of Borodino, the slow retrieval of the Russian army, the conquest of Moscow by Napoleon, the fire in Moscow, and the retrieval of Napoleons army during a deadly winter. Napoleon had to retreat from Russia under attacks by Russian peasants and horsemen on those who fell behind. His army also suffers from cold and hunger, since the Russians destroyed all food supplies. The takeover of Moscow by Napoleon proved to be useless, a nd in the long run, destroyed a large part of his army. Alongside with these historical events, Tolstoy describes the different classes of Russian society in the terms of their participation in the war and what kind of an impact war had on their lives. In the beginning of the novel, the Russian aristocratic class, which was in the czars circle, wanted Russia to participate in the war. They wanted a quick victory and pride for the Russian nobility. They did not anticipate that the war would destroy homes, agriculture, and take many Russian lives. There are the good people, and of course, the bad. The good people being Natasha Rostov, a teenage girl who grows and matures throughout the book and Pierre Bezuhov, the son of Kirill Vladmirovitch Bezuhov, who speaks much of the novel expressing his purpose on earth. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, the leader of the Bolkonsky family and a great war hero. The bad people are the protagonists themselves, as they torment themselves and Napoleon Bonaparte, (who, by some, is believed to be an impostor) the em peror and military leader of France, whom is bent on world domination. The Secondary characters are the families of Bolkonsky and Kuragin, Anna Pavolvna, a famous St. Petersburg socialite and Kutuzof, the military leader of the Russian forces. This class is shown in Anna Pavlova Sharers salon, with its upper class aristocracy, who talk only in French, viewing the Russian language as uncivilized and useful only for peasants. They adopted French culture and wear French style clothing, and at the same time they want to fight Napoleon. However, the majority of this class doesnt want to participate themselves in the war, but want to win the war with the hands of the peasants. These aristocrats, despite their high education and power, will do nothing to help win the war. They live like parasites on the body of Russias society. This is how Tolstoy describes this class in general, but he also depicts two representatives of this upper class, Andrew Bolkonsky and Pierre Bisuhov, who were the more intellectual ones, and whose lives and views of war and life changed as the result of the war. Depicting the Rostov family, who were also wealthy nobles, but were not in the czars circle and lived in rural parts of Russia, Tolstoy showed a typical Russian family who were devoted to their country and Russian traditions. All of Tolstoys sympathy is on their side and he presents them in a positive way. They sing Russian folklore, which the higher aristocrats would not dream of doing. Depicting this class, Tolstoy describes simple and eternal problems such as birth, love, forgiveness, and death. .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .postImageUrl , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:visited , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:active { border:0!important; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:active , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Life of Amadeo Avogadro EssayThe main national characteristics are in the Russian peasants. Through these people, who hate war, we are shown that they are forced to participate in the war because the have no other choice. They show real heroism during war. Captain Tushin and a soldier, Timohin, give their lives to save their army. Historical figures such as Napoleon and Kutuzov oppose the views of the aristocratic class in the czars circle. This class of people didnt like Kutuzov, who became the general of the Russian army. They thought he was too simple minded and his lifestyle was too close to that of a peasant. War hurt these people the most. They lost everything: h oses, livestock, and serfs. The loss of their serfs was very hard to come by, since they became very close to them. The women from this class served in hospitals and became nurses, like Natasha Rostova did, or hid wounded soldiers in their house from the French army. Men from this class organized their own little armies of peasants and fought with guerilla warfare when the French army was retreating. These people played a bigger role in war and were more devoted to their nation than the aristocrats in the czars circle. Despite Tolstoy being a member of this class, his view is totally the opposite; he hated Napoleon and admired Kutuzov. He reflects the simple life of Kutuzovs soldiers, who trusted their lives to him. The Russian people believed in Kutuzov, and because of his strategic tactics such as giving up Moscow in order to save the Russian army, helped Russia become victorious in the war and leave Napoleon empty handed. Tolstoy hated Napoleon because he felt that it was wrong what Napoleon did 1799 in Turkey; killing 4000 people that surrendered and were promised life by him. Tolstoy also describes a moment when Napoleon left his army to die and took just a small part of the army to retreat from Moscow. One important event occurs when Prince Andrei is wounded during the battle of Austerlitz, and he is given a chance to recollect on his wartime experiences. Another important event occurs when Pierre is taken prisoner by the French, (this is where he has the chance to look into his feelings and come to a peace with himself.) The climax of Pierres story occurs when the French holds him before a firing squad. This is his climax because he is convinced that he is going to die, and after he is spared he becomes more caring and it is obvious that he will continue on this course until the end. The climax of Natashas life occurs when Andrei dies. It makes her reconsider the way she has lived her life, maturing her further from her seventeen year-old state of mind. The climax for Andrei occurs when he is mortally wounded while attempting to protect Moscow from Napoleons forces. This is his climax because his outlook on life becomes so negative and morbid that he can only wait to die. It is obvious that he wont have it any other way. The story ends with the defeat and exile of Napoleon and the emergence of Russia as a world power: and the meeting of Natasha and Pierre after years of absence. The historical events of the novel were real, and the characters reflected the people of th at time. Tolstoy brought forward the main social ideals of his time: the 3 major classes of society, and their references to the war with Napoleon, women emancipation, and view of society to historical figures such as Napoleon and Kutuzov. Tolstoy doesnt hide his negative feelings to the social class that belonged in the czars circle, and likes the lower classes. He is fascinated by the courage and deep patriotism of the Russian peasants. He also hates war, because it destroys and changes lives. .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .postImageUrl , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:visited , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:active { border:0!important; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:active , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lifestyles Comparising Essay